The purpose of a Chapter 7 bankruptcy is to eliminate or discharge debt which you owed prior to filing. Some debts are not discharged in a bankruptcy and you still owe them even after filing bankruptcy and receiving a discharge. Secured debts, such as mortgages or car payments, have to be paid even after the filing of a Chapter 7 if you intend to keep the property which secures the debt. Student loans are not discharged in bankruptcy unless a difficult hardship standard is satisfied and must be paid after the case is closed. (review Student Loan Information). Not every consumer qualifies for Chapter 7 bankruptcy. A Chapter 13 bankruptcy is essentially a supervised repayment plan; you make payments to a trustee who forwards them to your creditors in amounts specified in your Chapter 13 plan. A Chapter 13 plan requires you to pay your creditors all or a portion of their claims within 36 to 60 months under court supervision. Once the plan is completed, dischargeable debts are eliminated, even if you did not pay all your creditors in full. Chapter 13 bankruptcies are often filed instead of a Chapter 7 when you are behind on home loans or car payments, when you need to pay non-dischargeable debts such as taxes, child support or other domestic support obligations, or when you have a temporary debt problem and you need time for your income to improve or to sell assets to pay your debts. With the 2005 changes to the bankruptcy law, some debtors no longer qualify for Chapter 7 and must file a Chapter 13. Every situation is different and it can change over time, so please see an attorney before deciding whether to file a Chapter 7 or a Chapter 13. Chapter 7 bankruptcy may not be available if your debts are primarily consumer debts and the court finds that granting relief would be an abuse of the bankruptcy laws. The US Trustee’s office monitors bankruptcy cases where high income and excessive budgeted expenses suggest that a debtor could make substantial payments to the creditors through a Chapter 13 plan. In such a case, the US Trustee will file a motion to dismiss the bankruptcy and will usually give the Debtor an option to convert to a Chapter 13 proceeding.
Spousal Support
Certain types of debts are not dischargeable in bankruptcy. Recently due or ‘trust fund’ taxes, domestic support obligations (alimony, child support), and virtually all student loans are not dischargeable. These debts pass through the bankruptcy as if it had not occurred. People considering bankruptcy as an option should not make any attempt to determine for themselves which debts are dischargeable as even many taxes and other supposedly non-dischargeable debts are dischargeable under certain circumstances.
There are other types of debts which may only be discharged if the creditor to whom the debt is owed fails to commence litigation in order to determine the dischargeability of a debt. Debts incurred through fraud, embezzlement, theft or assault come under that heading. If a particular creditor holding such a claim files suit in the bankruptcy court within the time prescribed by the law, a trial will be held to determine whether or not the debt should be discharged. Student loans are never dischargeable unless a relatively extreme or ‘undue hardship’ is proven in trial by the person owing the student loan. Under Chapter 13, you may be able to discharge certain debts which would be non-dischargeable in Chapter 7. In many ways a Chapter 13 is more powerful than a Chapter 7.
In the great majority of the consumer bankruptcies, all or most of your property is protected by exemptions under state or federal law. In bankruptcy, you are allowed to keep exempt property. Exemptions in Oregon are governed, to a substantial degree, by state law. However, some federal laws protect assets or even exclude them from the bankruptcy estate. However, to use Oregon exemptions, you must have lived in the state for two years before the bankruptcy is filed. Under a Chapter 13 bankruptcy, you may be allowed to retain assets that are not exempt, such as equity in your home in excess of the $40,000 homestead exemption for an individual or $50,000 exemption for a married couple. Other important exemptions are an automobile to the value of $3,000 (for each debtor if a joint filing), child and spousal support, criminal restitution, personal injury settlements to the amount of $10,000, social security benefits, disability benefits, unemployment compensation, tools of the debtor’s trade to the value of $5,000, and qualified retirement plans. You can see a more detailed exemption list here.
Social Security Disability
To qualify as disabled, individuals must also have taxable disability income, such as Social Security disability benefits. This credit helps reduce tax liability to the IRS but is nonrefundable, meaning it won’t provide a refund if it lowers tax liability to zero.
Whether you need help to decide if you should file a Chapter 7 or Chapter 13 bankruptcy or just want to understand your options, Kent Anderson Law Office has the expertise to help you get started. Kent Anderson is certified as a Consumer Bankruptcy Specialist by the American Board of Certification.
Foreclosure
Are you facing foreclosure? Are you hiding from the IRS or the Oregon Department of Revenue? Have you failed to file your tax returns? Are you drowning in an ocean of past-due bills? Eugene Bankruptcy Lawyer and Tax Attorney Kent Anderson can help.
Tax Law
For individuals with visual impairments, navigating the complexities of tax planning can be daunting. However, there are specific tax provisions designed to provide assistance and support to those with visual challenges. In this article, we will explore essential tax tips tailored to individuals with visual impairments.